Bibliography

Abramson, Jill. "Money Buys A Lot More Than Access." New York Times, November 9, 1997, p. WK4.

Achenbach, T.M. and Edelbrock, C.S. Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile. Burlington, VT: 1981.

Alexander, Richard. "First Reform Welfare for Corporations." New York Times, January 13, 1995, p. A30.

Allen, LaRue. An Evaluation of the Argus Learning for Living Program. Final Report on HHS Grant 0090PD1403. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation. 1990.

American Federation of State, County and Municipals Workers. Why Isn’t the Economy Working for Workers? Washington, DC, 1997.

American Youth Policy Forum. Some Things Do Make A Difference for Youth. Washington, DC: American Youth Policy Forum, 1997.

Anderson, Elijah. "The Code of the Streets." Atlantic, May 1994.

Anderson, Sarah and John Cavanagh. "Top Ten List." Nation, December 8, 1997, p. 8.

Annie E. Casey Foundation. Kids Count Data Book. Baltimore: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1997(a).

Annie E. Casey Foundation. Success in School. Baltimore: Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1997(b).

Apple, R. W., Jr. "Political Spotlight Shines on Volunteerism Conference." New York Times, April 25, 1997, p. A25.

Apple, R. W., Jr. "You Say You Want a Devolution." New York Times, January 29, 1995,  p. E1.

Arella, Lorinda. Field/Comparison Study of the Argus Job Horizon Program. Final Report on New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse. Grant GJC-OASAS. New York: Gateway Jobs Corps Center, 1994.

Ashai Shimbun. "Koban." September 18, 1995, p. 7.

Badikian, Ben H. The Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon Press, 1992.

Baker, Keith A. Evaluating Small Scale Programs. Washington, DC: Milton Eisenhower Foundation, 1993.

Baker, Keith, Pollack, Marcus and Kohn, Imre. "Violence Prevention Through Informal Socialization: An Evaluation of the South Baltimore Youth Center." Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1995. National Council on Crime Prevention.

Baringer, Felicity. "Rich-Poor Gulf Widens Among Blacks." New York Times, September 25, 1992, p. A12.

Barr, Stephen. "12 Foundations Push Conservative Agenda." Washington Post, July 2, 1997, p. A21.

Beifuss, John. "Sources Join Forces to Help At-Risk Kids: The Koban Initiative." Memphis Commercial Appeal, March 31, 1996, p. 2.

Bell, Derrick. Faces at the Bottom of the Well. New York: Basic Books, 1992.

Belluck, Pam. "Urban Volunteers Strain to Reach Fragile Lives." New York Times, April 27, 1997, p. A1.

Bennet, James. "At Volunteerism Rally, Leaders Paint Walls and a Picture of Need." New York Times, April 28, 1997, p. A1.

Berlin, Gordon and Andrew Sum. Toward a More Perfect Union: Basic Skills, Poor Families, and Our Economic Future. New York: Ford Foundation, 1988.

Berrueta-Clement, J. R., L. J. Schweinhart, W. S. Barnett, A. S. Epstein, and D. P. Weikhard. Changed Lives: The Effects of the Perry Preschool Program on Youths Through Age 19. Ypsilanti, MI: Highscope Press, 1984.

Birdsong, Bret C. Federal Enterprise Zones: A Poverty Program for the 1990s? Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, October 1989.

Bobo, Lawrence, and Ryan A. Smith. "Antipoverty Politics, Affirmative Action, and Racial Attitudes." In Confronting Poverty: Prescription for Change. Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel H. Weinberg, eds. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.

Bradley, Bill. Address to the National Press Club, Washington, DC, February 9, 1997.

Bradsher, Keith. "Gap in Wealth in U.S. Called Widest in West." New York Times, April 17, 1995, p. A1.

Brinkley, Allan. "Reagan’s Revenge." New York Times Magazine, June 19, 1994, pp. 36-37.

Bronfenbrenner, Urie, Peter McClelland, Elaine Wethington, Phyllis Moen and Stephen J. Cecil. The State of Americans: This Generation and the Next. New York: Free Press, 1996.

Bronner, Ethan. "Minority Enrollment at U.C. Law, Business Schools Down Sharply." New York Times, January 14, 1998.

Brooke, James. "Prisons: A Growth Industry for Some." New York Times, November 2, 1997, p. 20.

Brown, Amy. Work First. New York: Manpower Development Research Corporation, March, 1997.

Bureau of Justice Assistance. The Social Impact of The National Citizen’s Crime Prevention Campaign. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, November, 1993.

Burtless, Gary. "Public Spending for the Poor: Historical Trends and Economic Limits." In Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, and Daniel H. Weinberg, eds. Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994.

Business Week. Reinventing America, January 19, 1993.

Califano, Joseph A. Jr. "Crime and Punishment -- And Treatment, Too." Washington Post, February 8, 1998, p. C7.

Carnegie Corporation. A Matter of Time: Risk and Opportunity in the Nonschool Hours. New York: Carnegie Corporation, 1992.

Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development. Turning Points: Preparing American Youth for the Twenty First Century. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York, June 1989.

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. An Imperiled Generation: Saving Urban Schools. Princeton: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1988.

Carnoy, Martin. Faded Dreams: The Politics and Economics of Race in America. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Center for Community Change. A Guide To Media for Community Groups and Other Nonprofits. Washington, DC: Issue 18, Winter 1997.

Center for Community Change. Newsletter, Issue 19, Fall, 1997.

Chavis, David M. "Building Community Capacity to Prevent Violence Through Coalitions and Partnerships." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Under Served, Vol.6, Number 2, 1995.

Chavis, David M. and W. Tatum. A Retrospective Examination of Dorchester Youth Collaborative Prevention Clubs. New Brunswick: Center for Community Education, School of Social Work, Rutgers University, 1989.

Childrens Partnership. Next Generation Reports. April, 1997.

Chronicle of Philanthropy. "Big Bounty for Big Charities." October 30, 1997, p. 1.

Comer, James P. Waiting for A Miracle.  New York:  Dutton, 1997.

Cohn, D’Vera and Vobejda, Barbara. "Few Blacks Reach Top in Private Sector, Census Finds." Washington Post, January 18, 1993, p. A1.

Committee for Economic Development. Children in Need: Investment Strategies for the Educationally Disadvantaged. New York: Committee for Economic Development, 1987.

Cooper, Kent. "Comments for the Thirty Year Update of the Kerner Commission." Washington, DC: Center for Responsive Politics, February 2, 1998.

Corn, David. "Soft Reform" Nation. September 22, 1997, p. 3.

Cunningham, William J. "Enterprise Zones." Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures, Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, DC: July 11, 1991.

Currie, Elliott. "Memo to Lynn Curtis, Joy Dryfoos and Fred Harris." October 23, 1997.

Currie, Elliot. Confronting Crime: An American Challenge. New York: Pantheon Books, 1985.

Currie, Elliott. Crime and Punishment in America. New York: Metropolitan Books, 1998(a).

Currie, Elliott. Personal Communication to Lynn A. Curtis. February 11, 1998(b).

Currie, Elliot. Reckoning: Drugs, the Cities, and the American Future. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993.

Curtis, Lynn A., Editor. American Violence and Public Policy: An Update of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985.

__________. " Race and Violent Crime: Towards a New Policy." In Weiner, Neil Alan and Wolfgang, Marvin E. Violent Crime, Violent Criminals. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1989.

__________. "Doing What Works." Testimony Before the House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures, Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, July, 1991.

__________. "Lord, How Dare We Celebrate?" Testimony Before the House Committee on Education and Labor, Subcommittee on Human Resources at the Reauthorization Hearings for the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, February, 1992.

__________. Report in Commemoration of the Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorder. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1993(a).

__________. "Twenty-Five Years after the Kerner Commission". Testimony Before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, April, 1993(b).

__________. Testimony Before the House Committee on Government Operations on the Reauthorization of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, October 5, 1993(c).

__________. Family, Employment and Reconstruction. Milwaukee: Family Service America, 1995(a).

__________. "The Crime Bill." Testimony Before the House Judiciary Committee, January, 1995(b).

__________. "Investing in What Works." Nation, January 8/15, 1996, p. 18.

Curtis, Lynn A. Youth Investment and Police Mentoring: Final Report. Washington DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1998.

Curtis, Lynn A., and Elliott Currie. Youth Investment and Community Reconstruction. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1990.

Danziger, Sheldon H., Gary D. Sandefur and Daniel H. Weinberg. "Introduction," in Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur and Daniel H. Weinberg, eds. Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. Cambrdige: Harvard University Press, 1994.

Deissler, William. Personal Communication. March 13, 1995.

Demming, W.E. "The Logic of Evaluation." In Strueing, Elmer and Guttentag, Marcia C., Editors. Handbook of Evaluation, Vol. 1. Beverly Hills: Sage, pp. 53-68, 1975.

DeMott, Benjamin. "Seduced By Civility." Nation, December 9, 1996, p. 11.

DeParle, Jason. "Richer Rich, Poorer Poor, and a Fatter Green Book," New York Times, May 26, 1991, p. E2.

de Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. George Lawrence, Translator. New York: Doubleday, Author Books, 1969.

DeWitt Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund. Strengthening the Youth Work Profession. New York: DeWitt Wallace-Reader’s Digest Fund, 1996.

Dolbeare, Cushing. "Housing Input for 30 Year Kerner Commission Update." Washington, DC: February 1, 1998.

Donahue, John D. The Privatization Decision: Public Ends, Private Means. New York: Basic Books, 1989.

Donziger, Steven R., Editor. The Real War on Crime: Report of the National Criminal Justice Commission. New York: Harper Collins, 1996.

Drew, Elizabeth. Whatever It Takes. New York: Viking Penguin, 1997.

Drug Strategies. Forging New Links: Police, Communities and the Drug Problem. Washington, DC: Drug Strategies, 1997.

Dryfoos, Joy G. Adolescents at Risk. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.

__________. Personal Communication. April 14, 1997.

__________. Safe Passage: Making it Through Adolescence in a Risky Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

Ducan, Greg J. and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. "Urban Poverty, Welfare Reform, and Child Development." Paper written for the Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, February 1998.

Eck, John E. and William Spelman. Problem Solving: Problem Oriented Policing in Newport News. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1987.

Economist. "Not So EZ." January 28, 1989, p. 23.

Education Week. Quality Counts 1998: The Urban Challenge. January 6, 1998.

Elliot, Delbert S. "Serious Violent Offenders: Onset, Development, Course, and Termination." The American Society of Criminology 1993 Presidential Address, Criminology, Vol. 32, No. 1, 1994.

Elliott, Delbert S. and S. Ageton. Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Lexington, MA: D.C. Health, 1985.

Fagan, J.A., Piper, E.S. and Moore, M. Violent Delinquents and Urban Youth: Correlates of Survival and Avoidance. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Diego, CA, 1985

Fallows, James. Breaking the News: How the Media Undermines American Democracy. New York: Pantheon, 1996.

Faux, Jeff. "A Progressive Compact." Nation, April 14, 1997(a), p. 12.

Faux, Jeff. "The American Model Exposed." Nation, October 27, 1997(b), p. 18.

Faux, Jeff . "You Are Not Alone." In Greenberg, Stanley B. and Theda Skocpol, The New Majority: Toward a Popular Progressive Politics. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997(c).

Faux, Jeff. "The Economic Case A Politics of Inclusion." Comments Prepared for the Thirtieth Update of the Kerner Riot Commission. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, February 3, 1998.

Federal Register. "Job Training Partnership Act: Youth Pilot Projects." Volume 59, No. 71, April, 13, 1994.

Felner, Robert D., et.al. "The Impact of School Reform for the Middle Years." Phi Delta Kappan, March 1997, pp. 528-550.

Fisher, Marc. "German Job Training : A Model for America?" Washington Post, October 18, 1992, p. A1.

Ford Foundation. Perspectives on Partnerships. New York: Ford Foundation, 1996.

Friedman, Milton. "There’s No Justice in The War on Drugs." New York Times, January 11, 1998, p. WK19.

Fund for the City of New York. Groundwork: Building Support for Excellence. New York: Fund for the City of New York, 1994.

Furlong, Tom. "Enterprise Zone in L.A. Fraught with Problems." Los Angeles Times, May 19, 1992. p. D1.

Galbraith, James K. "Fixing the Fed." Nation, June 2, 1997,  p. 5.

Gans, Herbert J. The War Against the Poor. New York: Basic Books, 1995.

Garafalo, James and Maureen McLeod. Improving the Use and Effectiveness of Neighborhood Watch Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1988.

Gerbner, George. "Reclaiming our Cultural Mythology." In Context. Number 38, 1994, pp. 40-42.

Gifford, Bill. "Paradise Found." Washington City Paper, January 29, 1993, p. 20.

Gladwell, Malcolm. "Some Hear Black and White in Divergence of Spoken Word." Washington Post , April 29, 1991, p. A3.

Glass, Stephen. "Don’t You D.A.R.E." The New Republic, March 3, 1997, p. 19.

Goldstein, Herman. Forward. In Dennis Rosenbaum, Editor. The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1994.

Greider, William. Who Will Tell the People: The Betrayal of American Democracy. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992.

Gross, Jane. "A Remnant of the War on Poverty, the Job Corps is a Quiet Success." New York Times, February 17, 1993.

Guskind, Robert. "Enterprise Zones: Do They Work?" Journal of Housing, January/February 1990.

Habemann, Judith. "For Children, An Epidemic of Homicide." Washington Post, February 7, 1997, p. A1.

Hacker, Andrew. Two Nations. New York: Ballentine, 1994.

Hahn, Andrew. Quantum Opportunities Program: A Brief on the QOP Pilot Program. Waltham, Mass: Center for Human Resources, Heller Graduate School, Brandeis University, September 1995.

Hamburg, Beatrix. "President’s Report." Annual Report, 1996. William T. Grant Foundation, 1997.

Hamburg, Dan. "Inside the Money Chase." Nation, May 5, 1997, p. 23.

Hamburg, David A. "Fundamental Building Blocks of the Early Life. Annual Report of the Carnegie Corporation of New York. New York: Carnegie Corporation, 1987.

Harden, Blaine. "Clinton Urges Mentoring for Children Left in Lives of Too Much Danger." Washington Post, April 29, 1997, p. A8.

Harold, Shareese. "U.S. is Importing More Than Cars From Japan.: LR Police Will Try Koban in Hollingsworth Grove." Arkansas Democrat Gazette, September 29, 1996, p. 5.

Harris, Fred R. and Wilkins, Roger W., Editors. Quiet Riots: Race and Poverty in the United States. New York: Pantheon Books, 1988

Harris, Irving B. "What Can We Do to Prevent the Cycle of Poverty?" New Haven, CT: Child Study Center, Yale University, October 25, 1990.

Havel, Vaclav. "Politics and the World Itself." Kettering Review, Summer 1992, p.8.

Hayes, John G. The Impact of Citizen Involvement in Preventing Crime in Public Housing: A Report of the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s Interagency Anti-Crime Demonstration Program. Charlotte: Housing Authority of the City of Charlotte, January, 1982.

Herbert, Bob. "Unrepentant Tobacco." New York Times, February 8, 1998, p. WK15.

Hightower, Jim. "How Ya Doin’?" Nation, February 16, 1998, p 13.

Holmes, Stephen A. "New Reports Say Minorities Benefit in Fiscal Recovery." New York Times, September 30, 1997(a), p. A1.

Holmes, Stephen A. "Thinking About Race With A One Track Mind." New York Times, December 21, 1997(b), p. WK1.

Housing and Development Reporter. "Foundation Funds Provided For Police Mini-Stations." Washington, DC: January 1, 1996. p. 530.

Howell, James C., Editor. Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent and Chronic Juvenile Offenders. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June, 1995.

Jakes, Lara. "Koban Policing Restores Paradise." Washington Times, January 30, 1995, p. 4.

Janofsky, Michael, "In Japan-Style Booths, Police are Stationed at Center of Action." New York Times, July 31, 1995. p. A8.

Jargowsky, Paul A. "Urban Poverty, Race and the Central City: The Bitter Fruit of Thirty Years Neglect." Paper Prepared for the Thirtieth Anniversary Update of the Kerner Riot Commission, January 13, 1998.

Jeter, Jon. "Cities, Older Suburbs Becoming Allies." Washington Post, February 22, 1998, p. A3.

Johnson, D.L., and T. Walker. "Primary Prevention of Behavior Problems in Mexican-American Children." American Journal of Community Psychology, 1989, 15:375-385. p. 59.

Johnson, Haynes. Divided We Fall: Gambling with History in the Nineties. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994.

Jones, Jerry. "Federal Revenue Policies that Work: A Blueprint for Job Creation to Support Welfare Reform. Washington, DC: Center for Community Change, 1997.

Kallick, David D. "Left Turn Ahead." Nation, November 11, 1996, p. 22.

Karr, Albert R. "Job Corps, Long Considered a Success, Sparks Political Tug-of War Over Costs." Wall Street Journal, June 1, 1992, p. A1.

Kaslow, Amy. "Corps for Troubled Youth Now Finds Itself in Trouble." Christian Science Monitor, February 2, 1995, p. 1.

Kazin, Michael. "The Other American Dilemma." The American Prospect, March-April, 1998.

Kennedy, Robert. To Seek a Newer World: New York: Pantheon Books, 1968.

Kinzer, Stephen. "Germans’ Apprentice System Is Seen as Key to Long Boom." New York Times, February 6, 1993, p. A1.

Klaidman, Daniel. "Is it Time to Take a Bite Out of McGruff?" Legal Times, November 29, 1993, p. 1.

Knox, Andrea. "Investing in Urban Philadelphia." Philadelphia Inquirer: March 29, 1993.

Kohn, Imre. Youth Investment in Action: Evaluation of Ten Youth Self-Sufficiency Projects. Final Report to the Office of Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC: Eisenhower Foundation, 1991.

Kozol, Jonathan. "Saving Public Education." Nation, February 17, 1997, p. 16.

Kuttner, Robert. "Wayne’s World." The American Prospect, September-October 1997, p 6.

Lally, J.R., P.L. Mangione, and A.S. Honig. "The Syracuse University Family Development Research Project: Long-Range Impact of an Early Intervention with Low-Income Children and Their Families." In D.R. Powell. Editor, Annual Advances in Applied Development Psychology: Volume 3. Parent Education as Early Childhood Intervention: Emerging Directions in Theory, Research and Practice. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1988, p. 59.

Larin, Kathryn and Elizabeth McNichol. Pulling Apart. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington DC, December 1997.

Lavrakas, P.J. & S.F. Bennett. A Process and Impact Evaluation of the 1983-86 Neighborhood Anti-Crime Self-Help Program: Summary Report. Evanston, IL: Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Northwestern University, 1989.

Lazarus, Wendy and Laurie Lipper. America’s Children and the Information Superhighway. Santa Monica: Children’s Partnership, 1994.

Leonard, Paul and Robert Greenstein. "Budget Assessment of Youth Investment and Community Reconstruction." Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, January 31, 1990.

Levinson, Marc. "Government For Whom?" Nation, October 28, 1996, p. 16

Levitan, Sar A. Programs in Aid of the Poor. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1990.

Levitan, Sar A., and Frank Gallo. Spending to Save: Expanding Employment Opportunities. Washington, D.C.: Center for Social Policy Studies, 1992.

Levitan, Sar A., Gallo, Frank, and Shapiro, Isaac. Working But Poor. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1993.

Logan Spectrum. "Ministration Opens." June, 1991, p.1.

MacKenzie, Doris L. and Claire Souryal. Multiple Evaluation of Shock Incarceration, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, November 1994.

Mallar, Charles. Evaluation of the Economic Impacts of the Job Corps Program: Third Follow-up Report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, 1982.

Marcus, Ruth. "Business Donations Show Money Follows the Leaders." Washington Post, November 25, 1997, p. A4.

Mariano, Ann. "Paradise at Parkside Reclaims Its Legacy." Washington Post, June 29, 1991, p. E1.

Marshall, Ray and Marc Tucker. Thinking For A Living. New York: Basic Books, 1992.

Mauer, Mark. Young Black Men and the Criminal System. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, 1990.

__________. Intended and Unintended Consequences: State Racial Disparities in Imprisonment. Washington, DC: Sentencing Project, 1997.

McChesney, Robert W. Corporate Media and the Threat to Democracy. New York: Seven Stories Press, 1997.

McGahey, Richard. Estimating the Economic Impact of a Public Jobs Program. Washington, DC: Center for Community Change, 1997.

Mecs, Helen. The Argus Community: Memorandum to Laird Blue. New York, January 22, 1993.

Meredith, Robyn. "5 Days in 1967 Still Shake Detroit," New York Times, July 23, 1997, p. A11.

Miller, Ellen S. "Laundering Money -- For Real." Nation, May 5, 1997, p. 25

Miller, Jerome G. Search and Destroy: The African-American Male in the Criminal Justice System. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Miller, Mark Crispin. "Free the Media." Nation, June 3, 1996, p .9.

Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation. Proceedings of the National Media Forum on Communicating What Works. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1995.

__________. Progress Report to the Annie E. Casey Foundation on Management Training. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1996.

__________. Year II Report to the U.S. Department of Labor on Replication of the Argus Learning Center for Living Center. Washington, D.C.: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1997(a).

__________. Progress Report to the Dewitt Wallace Reader’s Digest Fund on Youth Worker Staff Development. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, 1997(b).

__________. On Replication. Preliminary Report to W. K. Kellogg Foundation, December, 1997(c).

__________. Interim Findings to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development on the Replication of Safe Havens and Kobans in Public Housing. Washington, DC: Milton S. Eisenhower Foundation, December, 1997(d).

Moos, R.H. Community Oriented Program Environment Scale. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychological Press, 1974.

Moran, Richard. "New York Story: More Luck Than Policing." New York Times: February 9, 1997, p. C3.

Nakajima, Kenichiro. "Koban." Mainichi Shimbun, February 19, 1994, p. 6.

Nation. "Dialing For Dollars." March 24, 1997(a), p. 3.

Nation. "Race from the Pulpit" June 30, 1997(b), p. 3.

Nation. "Clinton’s Mixed Message." February 16, 1998, p 3.

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. (The Kerner Riot Commission.) Final Report. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, March 1, 1968.

National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence. (The Eisenhower Violence Commission.) To Establish Justice, To Ensure Domestic Tranquility. Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969.

National Research Council. Losing Generations: Adolescents in High-Risk Settings. Panel on the High Risk Youth, Committee on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1993.

National Task Force on African-American Men and Boys. Repairing the Breach: Key Ways to Support Family Life, Reclaim Our Streets and Rebuild Civil Society in America’s Communities. Chicago: Noble Press, 1996.

New York Times. "$150 Billion a Year: Where to Find It." March 8, 1990, p. A24.

New York Times. "Report Says Poor Children Grew Poorer in the 1980's." March 24, 1992, p. A22.

New York Times. "A Youth Program That Worked." March 20, 1995, p. 18.

New York Times. "Are Development Zones Oversold?" August 10, 1996, p.A22.

New York Times. "Lifeline for Low Cost Housing." January 18, 1998(a).

New York Times. "The President’s Budget." February 3, 1998(b), p. A16.

New York Times. "An Urban Mini Agenda." February 5, 1998(c), p A26.

Nordheimer, Jon. "Welfare to Work Plans Shows Success Is Difficult to Achieve." New York Times, September 1, 1996, A1.

Okagaki, Alan. Developing a Public Policy Agenda On Jobs. Washington, DC: Center for Community Change, 1997.

Orfield, Gary. "Segregated Housing and School Resegregation." In Gary Orfield, Susan E. Eaton and the Harvard Project on School Desegregation. Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown v. Board of Education. New York: The New Press, 1996.

Page, Susan and Welch, W. "Poll: Don’t Use Surplus to Cut Taxes." USA Today, January 9-11, 1998, p. 1A.

Pear, Robert. "Clinton Will Seek Tax Break to Ease Path Off Welfare." New York Times, January 28, 1997(a), p. A1.

Pear, Robert. "Washington Kidnaps Dick and Jane." New York Times, June 15, 1997(b), p. E1.

Peirce, Neal R. and Carol F. Steinbach. Corrective Capitalism: The Rise of America’s Community Development Corporations. New York: Ford Foundation, July 1987.

Petersilia, Joan. "Crime and Punishment in California: Full Cells, Empty Pockets, and Questionable Benefits." CPS Brief. Berkeley: California Policy Seminar, May 1993.

Phillips, Kevin. The Politics of Rich and Poor. New York: Random House, 1990.

Poliat, Denise F., Janet C. Quint and James A. Riccio. The Challenge of Serving Teenage Mothers: Lessons from Project Redirection. New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation, 1988.

Powell, Kenneth and Darnell F. Hawkins, Editors. "Youth Violence Prevention: Descriptions and Baseline Data from 13 Evaluation Projects." American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Supplement to Volume 12, Number 5, September/October 1996.

Price, Richard H., Emory L. Cowen, Raymond P. Lorion, and Julia Ramos-McKay, eds. 14 Ounces of Prevention: A Case Book for Practitioners. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1988.

Quint, Michael. "This Bank Can Turn a Profit and Follow a Social Agenda." New York Times, May 24, 1992, p. A1.

Randall, Laura. "International Visitors Laud Caimito’s Koban Program." San Juan Star, September 20, 1995, p. 1.

Rantin, Bertram. "Police Station Offers Safe Haven, City Service." South Carolina State, May 11, 1996, p. 3.

Raskin, Jamin B. "Dollar Democracy." Nation, May 5, 1997, p. 11.

Reich, Robert B. Locked In The Cabinet. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1997(a).

Reich, Robert B. "The Missing Options." The American Prospect, November-December, 1997(b), p. 6.

Reich, Robert B. "Broken Faith: Why We Need to Renew The Social Compact." Nation, February 16, 1998, p 11.

Reid, T.R. and Lena H. Sun. "D.C. Police Import Japanese Method." Washington Post, December 22, 1994, p. C5.

Reubenfien, Elizabeth. "U.S. Police Seek Lessons From Japanese On How to Keep City Streets Crime-Free." Wall Street Journal, January 11, 1989(a), p. 3

Reubenfien, Elizabeth. "U.S. Police Walk Different Beat in Japan." Asian Wall Street Journal, January 13-14, 1989(b), p. 6.

Rich, Spencer. "Job-Training Program is Paying Off -- for Some." Washington Post, May 23,

1992, p. A11.

Ridgeway, James. "Heritage on the Hill." Nation, December 22, 1997, p. 11.

Ringwalt, Christopher L., et al. Past and Future Directions of the D.A.R.E. Program: An Evaluation Review. Charlotte, NC: Research Triangle Institute, September, 1994.

Rosenbaum, Dennis P. "Community Crime Prevention: A Review and Synthesis of the Literature." Justice Quarterly, Volume 5 (3), September, 1988, pp. 323-395.

Rosenberg, M. "The Association Between Self-Esteem and Anxiety." Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 1, 1962, pp. 135-152.

Rosenkranz, E. Joshua. "Campaign Reform: The Hidden Killers." Nation, May 5, 1997, p. 16.

Roth, Jeffrey A. "Understanding and Preventing Violence." Research in Brief. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, February 1994, p. 5.

Royko, Mike. "Crime Dog Puts Bite on Taxpayers." Chicago Tribune, January 7, 1993, p. 3.

Rusk, David. Cities Without Suburbs. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993

Russakoff, Dale. "Looking For Help To Even Some of Society’s Odds." Washington Post, April 26, 1997, p. A1.

Sanchez, Rene. "Poor, Minority Students Lack Access to Computers," Washington Post, May 15, 1997, p. A13.

Sandel, Michael J. "Making Nice is Not the Same as Doing Good." New York Times, December 29, 1996.

Schinke, S. et al. The Effects of Boys & Girls Clubs on Alcohol & Drug Use and Related Problems at Public Housing. New York: Columbia University School of Social Work, 1991.

Schorr, Lisbeth B. with Daniel Schorr. Within our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage. New York: Doubleday, 1988.

Schorr, Lisbeth B. "Helping Kids When It Counts." Washington Post, April 30, 1997, p. A21.

Schweinhart, Lawrence J. and David P. Weikart. "The High/Scope Perry Pre-School Program." In 14 Ounces of Prevention: A Casebook for Practitioners, edited by Richard A. Price, Emory L. Cowen, Raymond P. Lorion, and Julia Ramos-McKay. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1988.

Scruggs-Leftwich, Yvonne. "Racism and Racial Inequality: The Challenge for the Next Millennium." Washington, DC: Black Leadership Forum, 1998.

Shapiro, Isaac. Unequal Shares: Recent Income Trends Among the Wealthy, Washington DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, November 22, 1995.

Shapiro, Isaac and Robert Greenstein. Selective Prosperity: Increasing Income Disparities Since 1977. Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 1991.

Silberman, Charles E. Criminal Violence and Criminal Justice. New York: Random House, 1978.

Silbert, Mimi. "Delancy Street Foundation: A Process of Mutual Restitution." In Self-Help Revolution edited by Frank Reissman and Alan Gratner. New York: Human Sciences Press, Inc., 1984.

Silverstein, Ken. "My Life As An Undercover PAC." Nation, May 5, 1997, p. 18.

Sipe, Cynthia L. Mentoring: A Synthesis of P/PV’s Research 1988-1995. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures, 1996.

Sklar, Morton B. "Proposed JTPA Reforms Miss the Mark." Youth Policy, September-October 1989, p. 36.

Stehle, Vince. "Vistas of Endless Possibility: Delancy Street Foundation Helps Felons and Addicts Rehabilitate Themselves into Responsible Citizens." Chronicle of Philanthropy, November 2, 1995, p. 59.

Stehle, Vince. "Righting Philanthropy." Nation, June 30, 1997

Stevenson, Richard W. "Black-White Economic Gap Narrowing, White House Says." New York Times, February 10, 1998, p. A16.

Sturz, Elizabeth Lyttleton. Widening Circles. New York: Harper & Row, 1983.

Suro, Roberto. "More is Spent on New Prisons than Colleges." Washington Post, February 24, 1997, p. A12.

Sviridoff, Michelle and Jerome McElroy. Employment and Crime: A Summary Report. New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 1985.

Taggart, Robert A. Fisherman’s Guide: An Assessment of Training and Remediation Strategies. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, October 1981.

Taylor, William L. "Racism and the Poor: Integration and Affirmative Action as Mobility Strategies." Paper to the Milton S. Eisenhower for the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Kerner Commission, February 1998.

Teitelbaum, M. "Invitation to Fraud." New York Times, November 8, 1993, p. A18.

Toner, Robin. "Los Angeles Riots are a Warning, Americans Fear." New York Times, May 11, 1992, p. A1.

Turow, Scott. "The High Court’s 20-Year-Old Mistake." New York Times, October 12, 1997, p. WK15.

Urban Institute. Confronting the Nation’s Urban Crisis: From Watts (1965) to South Central Los Angeles (1992). Washington, DC: Urban Institute, September 1992.

U.S. Census, "Historical Poverty Tables." Washington, DC, September 29, 1997.

U.S. Council of Economic Advisers Report, February 9, 1998.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Impact of Head Start on Children, Families and Communities: Head Start Synthesis Project, 1985.

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, "The State of the Cities," Washington, DC, June 1997.

U.S.A. Basics. The Comprehensive Competencies Program: A High Tech Approach to Basic Skills, Alexandria, VA : U.S. Basics Skills Investment Corp., 1989.

USA Today. "Prevention Pays for Kids." USA Today, September 23, 1992, p. 10A.

Verba, Sidney, Lehman, K. and Brady H. "The Big Tilt: Participatory Inequality in America." The American Prospect, May-June, 1997.

Verhovek, Sam Hows "In Poll, Americans Reject Means But Not Ends of Racial Diversity" New York Times, December 14, 1997, p. A1.

Vobejda, Barbara. "Children’s Poverty Rose in the ‘80s." Washington Post, July 28, 1989, p. A1.

__________. "Head Start Expansion Is Urged." Washington Post, January 13, 1994, p. A18.

__________."Welfare’s Next Challenge: Sustained Employment." Washington Post, September 22, 1996, p. A1.

__________. "Old Problems Undermine Teen Mom’s New Chance." Washington Post, July 2, 1997, p. A1.

Washington Post. "A Report on Urban Education." January 17, 1998(a), p A24

Washington Post. "The President’s Budget." February 3, 1998(b), p. A1.

Wellstone, Paul D. "The Unfinished Agenda: Race, Poverty and Gender in America." Remarks at the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Pride A, January 31, 1997(a).

Wellstone, Paul. "If Poverty is the Question..." Nation, April 14, 1997(b), p. 17.

Wellstone, Paul. "Remarks to the Minnesota AFL-CIO State Convention." Saint Paul, Minnesota, September 15, 1997(c).

Weinbaum, Sandy and Frank Wirmusky. Building on Best Practices in Youth Employment. Washington, DC: Academy for Educational Development, June, 1994.

Wertheimer, Fred. "The Dirtiest Election Ever." Washington Post, November 3, 1996, p. C1.

Wertheimer, Fred. "Unless We Ban Soft Money." Washington Post, August 10, 1997, p. C7.

West, Cornel. Race Matters. New York: Vintage Books, 1994.

William T. Grant Foundation. The Forgotten Half: Pathways to Success for America’s Youth and Young Families. Final Report on Youth and America’s Future. New York: The William T. Grant Foundation, November 1988.

Wilson, William Julius. The Truly Disadvantaged. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

Wilson, William Julius. When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc, 1996.

Wilson, William Julius. "The New Social Inequality and Affirmative Opportunity." In Greenburg, Stanley B. and Theda Skocpol, The New Majority: Toward a Popular Progressive Politics. New Haven and London: 1997.

Wilson, William Julius, with Quane, J. and Rankin, B. "The New Urban Poverty: Consequences of the Economic and Social Decline of Inner City Neighborhoods." Paper Prepared for the Thirtieth Anniversary Update of the Kerner Riot Commission, January 19, 1998.

Wilson, Barry. "The Real State Takeover." Nation, February 24, 1997, p. 21.

Winerip, Michael. "Does Local TV News Have To Be So Bad?" New York Times Magazine, January 11, 1998, p. 31.

Zepezauer, Mark and Arthur Naiman. Take the Rich Off Welfare. Tucson, Arizona: Odonian Press, 1996.

Zuckerman, Jill. "All About Enterprise Zones." American Caucus, August 31 - September 13, 1992.